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ISO/TR 12471:2004 gives a review of the advances that have been made in measuring and understanding how structural materials respond to fire in terms of changes in their elevated temperature, and physical and mechanical characteristics, and to identify areas where further work is necessary to generate the data required. Analytical methods for heat transfer are combined with mechanical models to calculate structural behaviour from single elements up to complete frames under real fire and ISO Standard furnace heating conditions. ISO/TR 12471:2004 reviews advances in computational analysis and indicates how these can be used with probabilistic analysis to provide a risk-based approach to structural fire engineering design.