ASTM-E1207 Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy

ASTM-E1207 - 2014 R22 EDITION - CURRENT
Show Complete Document History

Document Center Inc. is an authorized dealer of ASTM standards.
The following bibliographic material is provided to assist you with your purchasing decision:

Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
ORDER

Price:

$69.00        


Want this as a site license?

Scope

1.1 This practice provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.

1.2 This practice includes protocols for the selection and training of judges, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analysis. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained, second-party, judges. First-party or self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.

1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production-eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.

1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).

1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).

1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.

1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by "binding" available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of "pleasantness." Other modes of control become important from time to time, representing changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.

1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are usually of the form:

Keywords

Absorbents; Aerosol deodorants; Antimicrobial formulations; Antiperspirants; Appocrine gland; Axillary odor; Baseline axillary odor score; BO (body odor) intensity; Containers-aerosol; Control odor score; Deodorant efficacy; Eccrine gland; Gels; Liquid bath soaps; Magnitude estimation rating; Malodor rating; Moisture control; Odor; Personal care products; Pump delivery deodorants; Right-left odor imbalance; Sebaceous gland; Secretory glands; Soap; Talc (body); Toilet soap bars; Trigeminal response; sensory evaluation of axillary deodorancy, practice; ICS Number Code 71.100.70 (Cosmetics. Toiletries)

To find similar documents by ASTM Volume:

14.03 (Temperature Measurement)

15.08 (Sensory Evaluation; Vacuum Cleaners; Security Systems and Equipment; Detention and Correctional Facilities; Homeland Security Applications)

To find similar documents by classification:

71.100.70 (Cosmetics. Toiletries)

This document comes with our free Notification Service, good for the life of the document.

This document is available in either Paper or PDF format.

 

Customers who bought this document also bought:

IPC-A-610
Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies (Hardcopy format)

IPC-A-600
Acceptability of Printed Boards

IPC-2221
Generic Standard on Printed Board Design

Document Number

ASTM-E1207-14R22

Revision Level

2014 R22 EDITION

Status

Current

Modification Type

Reapproval

Publication Date

Oct. 6, 2022

Document Type

Practice

Page Count

17 pages

Committee Number

E18.07